12th International Conference on
Neurodegenerative Disorders and Stroke

The neurodegenerative diseases market has emerged as a pivotal battleground in the healthcare industry, boasting a substantial value of USD 45,441.30 million in the base year, and it shows no signs of slowing down. Projections suggest a remarkable CAGR of 6.93% over the next five years, making it a lucrative domain for investors and stakeholders alike. This unprecedented growth can be attributed to a convergence of influential factors, with the rising prevalence of neurological illnesses leading the charge. As awareness about these debilitating conditions spreads like wildfire among the public, the urgency to combat them intensifies, driving demand for innovative therapies and treatments. The market is further propelled by a robust pipeline of cutting-edge products, promising new frontiers in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases. With the global burden of these conditions on the rise, the impetus to find effective solutions grows stronger, forging a path of remarkable expansion for the neurodegenerative diseases market. As research and development efforts intensify, and new breakthroughs become reality, this sector is destined to reshape the landscape of healthcare, offering hope and a brighter future for countless patients and their families worldwide.

Significant strides in surgical procedures, driven by cutting-edge technologies, have revolutionized medical practices. The increasing demand for less invasive treatments, coupled with a rapidly aging population, has created an urgent need for innovative solutions in healthcare. According to the esteemed American College of Cardiology, the number of annual angioplasties in the United States has surged to an astounding 1.2 million as of November 2020.

The market for stroke diagnostic and therapeutic products has emerged as a lucrative and dynamic sector, valued at an impressive USD 32.69 billion in 2021. Forecasts indicate an exponential growth trajectory, with an estimated market worth of USD 65.45 billion by 2030. This projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 8% from 2022 to 2030 signifies a substantial opportunity for advancement and prosperity in the medical industry.

These developments underscore the pivotal role of technology in revolutionizing medical treatments and addressing the healthcare needs of a rapidly evolving world. The progress in surgical techniques and the increasing focus on minimally invasive procedures are paving the way for a brighter, healthier future for individuals of all ages. As healthcare spending continues to rise, it further emphasizes the critical importance of innovation and transformative solutions to enhance patient outcomes and improve overall well-being.

The stroke surgery market is projected to witness an unprecedented CAGR of 8.70% from 2022 to 2035, driven by several key factors. Cutting-edge technological solutions have revolutionized the landscape, enhancing surgical precision and efficacy while reducing recovery times for better patient outcomes. The increasing preference for minimally invasive treatments has led to higher demand for surgical products, as patients seek less invasive procedures with shorter hospital stays and faster recovery periods.

The sedentary lifestyle epidemic has contributed to a rise in ischemic stroke cases, highlighting the urgent need for effective surgical interventions and further fueling demand for surgical products and procedures. The industry experienced a resurgence in 2021, with improved supply chains and eased pandemic constraints boosting sales of ischemic stroke surgical products. Widespread vaccination efforts and declining infection rates provided momentum for growth and recovery.

Overall, the projected CAGR reflects the transformative impact of technology, the shift towards minimally invasive treatments, and the necessity to address the prevalence of sedentary lifestyles. With ongoing innovation and adaptation by companies, the future of ischemic stroke surgery appears promising and poised for substantial growth.

Stroke can have profound implications on mental health, leading to post-stroke depression, anxiety, and mood swings as individuals face recovery challenges and potential disabilities. Cognitive changes affect memory, attention, and problem-solving, adding to mental well-being struggles. A comprehensive rehabilitation approach, encompassing emotional support, counseling, and cognitive therapy, aids survivors in adapting to their new reality and developing coping mechanisms, improving mental health. Family and caregiver support play a vital role, alleviating isolation and providing security, positively impacting emotional and psychological recovery. Integrating mental health support into rehabilitation fosters a resilient and mentally healthy stroke survivor community, enhancing their overall well-being and quality of life. Recognizing and addressing mental health challenges post-stroke is crucial for a holistic recovery approach.

The specialized nursing role aimed at extending outreach education and support to stroke patients and their carers has proven highly beneficial for stroke recovery. Stroke patients encounter numerous challenges, including physical mobility issues, impaired communication, altered sensory perception, and difficulties performing daily tasks. The hands-on approach of these nurses allows for proactive care coordination and patient-centered care, crucial for addressing these diverse issues. By providing personalized support and education, specialized nurses play a vital role in helping stroke patients regain independence and functionality. They work closely with patients and families, tailoring recovery plans to individual needs and abilities. This approach enhances physical rehabilitation while addressing emotional and psychological aspects, helping patients cope with the aftermath of a stroke. Continuous involvement after discharge ensures patients receive necessary guidance and motivation throughout their recovery journey. The outreach education component also raises awareness about stroke prevention in the community, disseminating information on risk factors, healthy lifestyle choices, and early intervention measures. In conclusion, this specialized nursing role is a valuable addition to stroke services, significantly improving recovery outcomes and promoting overall well-being in stroke patients.

Neonatal stroke, a condition that affects newborns between birth and 28 days, poses a significant concern in pediatric medicine. Preterm infants are particularly susceptible, with a prevalence of approximately one in 2,500 full-term newborns affected. Shockingly, strokes can even occur before birth. Often, infants who exhibit convulsions or show signs of weakness and unresponsiveness shortly after delivery are diagnosed with neonatal stroke through neuroimaging.

Pediatric stroke continues to be a noteworthy health issue, with an annual incidence of one in 4,000 newborns and an additional two out of every thousand older children experiencing it. The impact of pediatric stroke can be severe, leading to potential long-term neurological and developmental consequences. Early detection, prompt medical intervention, and rehabilitative efforts play critical roles in enhancing the prognosis and quality of life for affected children.

As the medical community gains a deeper understanding of neonatal and pediatric strokes, efforts should be directed toward raising awareness, improving diagnostic capabilities, and advancing therapeutic strategies. By supporting research and promoting education among healthcare providers and parents, we can work towards better outcomes for these young patients. Additionally, ongoing support and resources for affected families are vital in fostering a supportive environment during their challenging journey of managing and coping with pediatric stroke.

Stroke, a significant health concern, can be mitigated through understanding risk factors, prevention, and raising awareness. High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, obesity, smoking, age, and family history contribute to stroke risk, demanding proactive management.

Preventing strokes involves adopting a healthy lifestyle: regular physical activity, a balanced diet with fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and limiting alcohol intake. Crucially, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol through medication, if needed, and quitting smoking are essential preventive measures.

Raising stroke awareness ensures prompt recognition of symptoms and timely intervention. The "FAST" acronym (Face drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulty, Time to call emergency) aids swift identification of stroke symptoms. Public education campaigns, workshops, and health screenings enhance awareness and identify risk factors.

Healthcare professionals play a vital role in promoting prevention and awareness. Regular check-ups, patient education, and disseminating stroke-related information are critical components. Collaborative efforts between providers, governments, and advocacy groups can effectively reduce the burden of stroke and improve outcomes. Addressing risk factors, fostering awareness, and implementing preventive measures are key to reducing the impact of stroke on individuals and communities. Together, we can combat this pressing health challenge.

Cerebral circulation disease represents a formidable group of disorders that profoundly impact the blood vessels and blood flow within the brain. These conditions can trigger critical changes in the delicate blood vessels, giving rise to a multitude of grave issues such as severe vessel narrowing (stenosis), life-threatening clot formation (thrombosis and embolism), and even catastrophic vessel ruptures. The staggering toll of this silent menace was evident in the alarming statistics of 2003, with an estimated 157,803 lives cruelly claimed by cerebral circulation disease. The sheer scale of this devastating impact, with 138,397 of those fatalities afflicting vulnerable individuals aged 65 and older, underlines the urgent need for better understanding and improved strategies in combating this ruthless condition. In the United States, cerebral vascular disease reigns as the most common and sinister neurological disorder leading to fatality. This ominous reality emphasizes the gravity of the situation and warrants unwavering attention from the medical community and society at large to address its harrowing consequences. One particularly insidious aspect of this malevolent disease is intracranial atherosclerosis, responsible for a staggering 40,000 ischemic strokes annually. This silent assassin, lurking within the intricate network of blood vessels, must be confronted head-on with a relentless determination to save lives and prevent the suffering of countless individuals and families. Raising awareness about cerebral circulation disease, bolstering research efforts, and implementing effective preventive measures are crucial steps in the battle against this relentless scourge. Only through a concerted and unyielding commitment can we hope to make significant strides in reducing its deadly impact and offer a brighter future for those at risk.

Case studies play a crucial role in advancing medical knowledge and driving innovations and proposals for stroke and neurodegenerative illnesses. Through meticulous research, case studies delve into the causes, symptoms, treatments, and potential consequences of these conditions, offering valuable insights for medical professionals and researchers. Particularly, they are invaluable in describing individuals with rare or unusual diseases, shedding light on aspects that may otherwise remain undiscovered.

The utilization of case studies in the context of neurological problems has proven instrumental in developing novel clinical innovations and therapies. By presenting in-depth analyses of individual cases, medical experts can better understand the unique challenges posed by these conditions and design targeted solutions.

The global clinical trials market has seen substantial growth, with a value of USD 39,710.28 million in the base year, and is projected to continue expanding at a CAGR of 5.05% during the forecast period. Several factors contribute to this growth, including the increasing demand for clinical trials in developing economies, higher investments in research and development by the pharmaceutical industry, and a rise in the prevalence of various illnesses.

As the number of disorders requiring advanced and potent medications increases, the clinical trials market benefits from a surge in demand for testing and validating these treatments. This continuous pursuit of new and improved therapies holds the potential to revolutionize the management of stroke and neurodegenerative illnesses, ultimately improving patients' lives worldwide.

• Track 10-1  Stroke Recovery and Secondary Prevention
• Track 10-2  Stroke Imaging and Diagnostics
• Track 10-3  Stroke Rehabilitation
• Track 10-4  Acute Stroke Treatment
• Track 10-5  Prevention and Risk Factor Modification

The stroke rehabilitation market is poised for significant growth, with an estimated worth of US$ 266.4 million in 2021. Future projections indicate a promising 9% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the next ten years, demonstrating strong potential for expansion in the industry.

Future Wise Market Research has conducted a comprehensive study, analyzing various trends that could impact the overall growth of the stroke rehabilitation market. The report delves into critical aspects, such as geographical expansion, market share, SWOT analysis, and profitability graphs, offering valuable insights to industry stakeholders. Additionally, the research provides a detailed assessment of the competitive landscape, highlighting the current positions of key market players.

The study's findings and analyses are expected to be instrumental in guiding industry players, policymakers, and investors in making informed decisions. With the increasing prevalence of strokes and a growing focus on rehabilitation, the market is set to witness substantial advancements in treatment methodologies, technology, and patient care.

As the stroke rehabilitation market continues to evolve, these insights will play a pivotal role in shaping strategies, driving innovation, and ensuring the delivery of effective and efficient rehabilitation services to patients. The projected growth and opportunities within the market signify a positive outlook for both the industry and individuals recovering from stroke-related conditions.

Stroke 2023, a pivotal event, gathers experts to discuss remarkable progress in stem cell therapies for stroke since the early 2000s. Clinical trials show promise, deeming these treatments safe, feasible, and potentially effective against stroke's devastating consequences. However, only 1% of stem cell trials focus on stroke, necessitating increased resources for novel therapies.

The conference highlights insights from completed stroke trials, crucial for treatment outcomes and patient responses. Outcome reporting standards' significance cannot be overstated, as stroke remains a leading cause of disability worldwide. Robust reporting ensures transparent and reliable data, aiding evidence-based treatment decisions.

Industry-led research's role in developing cell treatments for stroke will be a key topic, as collaborations between academia, medical institutions, and private enterprises accelerate innovative therapies' translation.

With substantial investments in Phase 1-4 clinical research, the scientific community is committed to finding effective stroke solutions. Stroke 2023 fosters collaboration, driving the translation of cutting-edge stem cell research into tangible treatments, improving millions of lives worldwide. The exchange of knowledge will revolutionize stroke care, bringing transformative therapies closer to reality.

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in using robotic devices to aid in stroke rehabilitation. It is projected that the market for these innovative technologies will experience a substantial compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 26.12% from 2021 to 2026. These devices show great promise in improving the recovery and quality of life for stroke survivors. The European Union faces significant healthcare expenses due to strokes, with an estimated annual expenditure of US$ 31.8 billion, covering medical treatment and rehabilitation costs. Stroke patients often encounter difficulties in performing daily activities, resulting in potential income loss and decreased productivity.

Mobility Assistive Devices (MAD) are particularly popular among the various assistive devices prescribed for stroke survivors. These devices aim to enhance mobility, independence, and functional capacity, helping stroke patients regain their ability to walk, stand, and perform other essential movements. Robotic devices in stroke rehabilitation can play a crucial role in offering personalized therapy, delivering intensive and repetitive exercises tailored to each individual's specific needs. With precise control over movement patterns, resistance levels, and feedback mechanisms, therapists can closely monitor progress and adapt treatment plans accordingly.

As research and development in rehabilitation robotics continue to progress, these technologies are poised to revolutionize stroke care and rehabilitation. By improving motor recovery, reducing healthcare costs, and restoring independence for stroke survivors, robotic devices offer a promising future for stroke rehabilitation, significantly enhancing the overall well-being and quality of life for those affected by this life-altering condition.

COVID-19's impact extends beyond fatalities, unveiling intricate interactions between the virus, immune system, and pre-existing conditions. The heightened risk of stroke in COVID-19 patients stems from the virus's affinity for blood vessel lining, leading to endothelial dysfunction and clot formation. Inflammatory cytokines released during infection promote chronic inflammation, exacerbating clotting. Pre-existing vascular risk factors like hypertension and diabetes worsen susceptibility to COVID-19-related strokes by compromising blood vessel integrity and encouraging abnormal clotting. The immune response, crucial for combating the virus, can also lead to harmful cytokine storms, further damaging vascular health. Tailored therapies targeting antiviral strategies, inflammation, and clotting mechanisms show promise in mitigating stroke effects. Early detection and prevention through regular health screenings are crucial. Public health initiatives should raise awareness about stroke risks in COVID-19 patients with pre-existing conditions. A multidisciplinary approach is essential in combatting this life-threatening complication and safeguarding vulnerable individuals. Vigilance, adaptability, and proactive strategies are vital as research continues.

Stroke management is a critical and time-sensitive process aimed at minimizing brain damage and improving outcomes for individuals who experience a cerebrovascular accident. Prompt recognition of stroke symptoms, such as sudden weakness, speech difficulties, or a severe headache, followed by immediate emergency medical attention, is vital. The principle of "time is brain" emphasizes the urgency in diagnosis and treatment, as delays can lead to irreversible brain damage and long-term disability.

Acute treatment options for ischemic stroke include clot-busting medications like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and mechanical thrombectomy to restore blood flow. Supportive care in specialized stroke units aids recovery and prevents complications.

Rehabilitation is crucial in helping stroke survivors regain function and independence through physical, occupational, and speech therapies.

Long-term management focuses on secondary prevention by addressing risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol, along with promoting a healthy lifestyle.

Public awareness campaigns have improved stroke outcomes by encouraging early recognition and prompt medical intervention. However, continued research and dedicated efforts are essential for further advancements in stroke management and care, ensuring better outcomes and enhanced quality of life for stroke survivors.

Stroke and cardiovascular conditions are closely interconnected, sharing common risk factors and underlying mechanisms. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart disease and hypertension, significantly increase the risk of stroke. The development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the build-up of plaque in blood vessels, is a key contributor to both stroke and heart disease.

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a leading risk factor for stroke and a major cause of cardiovascular conditions. Persistent high blood pressure damages the walls of blood vessels, promoting the formation of plaque and increasing the risk of blood clots. These clots can then block blood flow to the brain, causing an ischemic stroke, or rupture, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke.

Moreover, atrial fibrillation, an irregular heart rhythm, poses a significant risk for stroke. In this condition, blood can pool in the atria of the heart, forming clots that can be carried to the brain, causing an embolic stroke.

Lifestyle factors such as a sedentary lifestyle, unhealthy diet, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption also contribute to both stroke and cardiovascular diseases. Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle, managing risk factors, and adhering to prescribed medications can significantly reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular events.

In conclusion, the close relationship between stroke and cardiovascular conditions underscores the importance of comprehensive prevention and management strategies. By addressing shared risk factors and promoting heart-healthy living, we can make substantial progress in reducing the burden of stroke and cardiovascular diseases, ultimately leading to better health outcomes and improved quality of life.

• Track 16-1  Stroke in older adults
• Track 16-2  Stroke treatment and rehabilitation
• Track 16-3  Transient ischemic attack
• Track 16-4  Coronary artery disease
• Track 16-5  Heart attack

Recent years have witnessed significant advances in stroke prevention strategies, aiming to reduce the burden of this devastating condition on individuals and healthcare systems alike. One of the most promising areas of progress lies in the development of novel anticoagulant medications for stroke prevention in individuals with atrial fibrillation (AF). Traditional anticoagulants like warfarin, while effective, require regular monitoring and dose adjustments. However, the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has revolutionized AF management, offering a more convenient and safer option with comparable efficacy. These medications, including apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, have shown to significantly reduce the risk of stroke in AF patients without the need for routine monitoring. Additionally, there have been remarkable strides in addressing modifiable risk factors for stroke, such as hypertension and lifestyle-related factors. Advances in telemedicine and remote monitoring technologies have allowed for improved blood pressure control through virtual consultations and telemonitoring, ensuring patients' compliance with treatment plans. Furthermore, public health initiatives promoting healthy eating habits, regular exercise, and smoking cessation have played a pivotal role in reducing stroke risk across populations. By embracing these cutting-edge prevention strategies, healthcare professionals and policymakers are forging a path towards a future with fewer strokes and better overall cardiovascular health.

Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a prevalent and challenging consequence of stroke that significantly impacts the lives of stroke survivors. PSCI can manifest as various cognitive deficits, including memory problems, attention and concentration difficulties, executive function impairments, and language deficits. The exact mechanisms underlying PSCI are complex and multifactorial, involving both the direct effects of the stroke on brain structures and the indirect effects of vascular risk factors and comorbidities. The location and extent of the brain injury, as well as pre-existing cognitive reserve, also play a crucial role in determining the severity and specific cognitive deficits experienced by individuals. PSCI not only affects the survivors' ability to perform daily activities but also hampers their potential for rehabilitation and reintegration into society. Managing PSCI requires a multidisciplinary approach, including cognitive rehabilitation, pharmacological interventions, and addressing vascular risk factors. Additionally, providing adequate support and education to both stroke survivors and their caregivers is essential for coping with the challenges posed by PSCI. As stroke survival rates improve and the aging population grows, the prevalence of PSCI is likely to increase, making research and interventions to understand and manage this cognitive impairment critical for enhancing the overall quality of life for stroke survivors.

• Track 18-1  Risk factors for post-stroke cognitive impairment
• Track 18-2  Diagnosis of post-stroke cognitive impairment
• Track 18-3  Treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment
• Track 18-4  Prevention of post-stroke cognitive impairment
• Track 18-5  Prognosis of post-stroke cognitive impairment

Stroke in young adults is a relatively uncommon but concerning occurrence that can have profound and long-lasting impacts. While strokes are more commonly associated with older adults, there is a rising trend of strokes occurring in individuals under the age of 50. Several risk factors contribute to this phenomenon, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, drug abuse, and certain genetic and autoimmune conditions. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as sedentary behaviour and unhealthy dietary choices also play a role. The consequences of stroke in young adults can be particularly devastating, as it often strikes during the prime of their life, affecting career prospects, relationships, and overall quality of life. Diagnosis of stroke in young adults may be challenging, as symptoms can be mistaken for other conditions, leading to potential delays in treatment. Raising awareness among both healthcare professionals and the public about the possibility of stroke in young adults is crucial to improve early recognition and timely intervention. Ensuring access to appropriate stroke care, rehabilitation services, and support is essential to aid the recovery and maximize functional outcomes in this population. Research into the underlying causes and prevention strategies for stroke in young adults is imperative to mitigate the growing burden of this condition and protect the health and well-being of younger individuals in the community.

• Track 19-1  Risk factors for stroke in young adults
• Track 19-2  Diagnostic tools for identifying stroke in young adults
• Track 19-3  Prevention strategies for stroke in young adults
• Track 19-4  Treatment options for stroke in young adults
• Track 19-5  Psychosocial impact of stroke in young adults

Stroke survivors often experience not only physical challenges but also significant emotional and psychological effects, such as depression and anxiety. Post-stroke depression (PSD) and post-stroke anxiety (PSA) are common and can have a profound impact on the recovery process and overall quality of life. The exact mechanisms underlying these mood disorders after stroke are complex and may involve both biological and psychosocial factors. The physical and neurological changes resulting from stroke, coupled with the emotional response to a life-altering event, can contribute to the development of depression and anxiety. Furthermore, the loss of independence, role changes, and fear of another stroke can further exacerbate these conditions. PSD and PSA can hinder rehabilitation progress, impair social functioning, and increase the risk of stroke recurrence and mortality. Identifying and addressing these psychological issues are crucial aspects of comprehensive stroke care. A multidisciplinary approach, including psychological counseling, support groups, and pharmacological interventions when appropriate, can help manage depression and anxiety in stroke survivors effectively. By recognizing and treating these emotional challenges, healthcare providers can support stroke survivors in their journey towards recovery and improve their overall well-being and quality of life. Additionally, providing emotional support and education to caregivers is essential, as they play a crucial role in the rehabilitation and emotional well-being of stroke survivors.

Stroke and vascular dementia are closely linked, as vascular dementia is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease, and it often results from multiple small strokes or a single major stroke that affects blood flow to the brain. Vascular dementia occurs when the brain's blood vessels become damaged or narrowed, leading to reduced blood flow and oxygen supply to brain cells. These vascular changes can cause cognitive impairments, including memory loss, difficulties with reasoning and problem-solving, and a decline in overall cognitive function. The risk factors for stroke, such as hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol, also increase the likelihood of developing vascular dementia. The damage caused by strokes can be cumulative, and each stroke contributes to the progression of cognitive decline. Additionally, individuals who have experienced a stroke have an increased risk of developing dementia in the years following the stroke. Recognizing and managing risk factors for stroke, as well as implementing strategies to prevent stroke, are essential in reducing the incidence of vascular dementia. Timely and appropriate stroke care and rehabilitation may also help mitigate the cognitive impact and improve the overall outcomes for individuals at risk of vascular dementia. By addressing both stroke prevention and vascular dementia management, healthcare professionals can make significant strides in preserving cognitive function and enhancing the quality of life for older adults and their families.

A hemorrhagic stroke is a critical medical emergency characterized by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain, leading to bleeding and brain tissue damage. While comprising only 15% of all strokes, it is responsible for a disproportionately high number of stroke-related deaths and severe disabilities. There are two primary types of hemorrhagic stroke: intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ICH occurs when a blood vessel ruptures within the brain, causing blood to pool and compress surrounding brain tissue. In contrast, SAH involves bleeding in the space between the brain and its protective covering, often due to an aneurysm rupture. Hypertension, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and anticoagulant medication use are common risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke. Symptoms of this stroke type can manifest suddenly and severely, including a profound headache, vomiting, one-sided weakness or numbness, and altered consciousness. Seeking immediate medical attention is crucial for diagnosis and treatment. Management may include surgical intervention to stop bleeding and reduce brain pressure. Rehabilitation and ongoing medical care are essential for recovery and preventing future strokes. Adopting preventive measures, like managing hypertension and avoiding excessive alcohol and drug use, plays a vital role in mitigating the risk of hemorrhagic stroke and its devastating consequences.

The global neurology device market was valued at $230 million in 2022, and it is predicted to grow at a remarkable CAGR of 10.80% from 2022 to 2030, reaching $521 million in 2030. This market comprises various devices for imaging, monitoring, and therapy, with multinational corporations like Philips, Medtronic, and GE Healthcare dominating, along with active participation from local players in different regions.

Neurological disorders, particularly stroke, exhibit varying prevalence rates worldwide, ranging from 84 to 262 cases per 100,000 people in rural areas and 334 to 424 cases per 100,000 people in urban areas. Annually, these disorders lead to 1.5 to 2 million injuries and one million fatalities. Traumatic brain injuries are mainly caused by road traffic accidents (60%), falls (20%-25%), and violence (10%). Epilepsy, affecting over 10 million individuals globally, constitutes approximately 1% of the global population.

The growth of the neurology device market will be propelled by factors such as the increasing prevalence of neurological disorders, technological advancements, and rising healthcare expenditure. Challenges, including treatment costs, regulatory complexities, and competition from alternative therapies, may impact the market. Nonetheless, rising awareness about neurological disorders and improvements in global healthcare infrastructure are expected to drive significant demand for neurology devices.

Ischemic stroke is the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 85% of all cases. It occurs when a blood clot or plaque buildup blocks a blood vessel in the brain, cutting off the blood supply to a particular area. The lack of blood flow results in a deprivation of oxygen and nutrients to brain cells, leading to their damage and death. Ischemic strokes can be further categorized into thrombotic and embolic strokes. Thrombotic strokes occur when a blood clot forms in a narrowed or damaged blood vessel within the brain. In contrast, embolic strokes happen when a clot or debris from another part of the body, such as the heart, travels through the bloodstream and lodges in a brain artery. The risk factors for ischemic stroke include hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle. Symptoms of an ischemic stroke can develop suddenly and may include sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, loss of balance, and severe headache. Immediate medical attention is crucial for an accurate diagnosis and timely treatment. Treatment for ischemic stroke often involves the administration of clot-busting medications like tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) or mechanical thrombectomy to remove the clot and restore blood flow. Early intervention and rehabilitation play a critical role in the recovery and management of post-stroke complications. Preventive measures, such as managing risk factors and adopting a healthy lifestyle, are essential in reducing the incidence of ischemic stroke and its devastating consequences.

• Track 24-1  Risk factors for ischemic stroke
• Track 24-2  Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke
• Track 24-3  Rehabilitation after ischemic stroke
• Track 24-4  Prevention of ischemic stroke
• Track 24-5  Neuroplasticity and ischemic stroke

Telemedicine has emerged as a transformative tool in stroke care, revolutionizing how stroke patients receive timely and specialized medical attention, particularly in remote or underserved areas. With its ability to facilitate real-time communication between healthcare providers and patients through video conferencing, telemedicine has significantly improved stroke management and outcomes. In the acute setting, tele stroke services enable rapid assessment and diagnosis by allowing remote neurologists to evaluate patients and interpret imaging studies promptly. This swift evaluation is critical, as "time is brain," and timely administration of clot-busting medications like tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can be the difference between recovery and permanent disability. Furthermore, telemedicine enables stroke specialists to collaborate with local healthcare teams, providing expert guidance and facilitating efficient treatment decisions. Beyond the acute phase, telemedicine plays a pivotal role in post-stroke care and rehabilitation, providing virtual access to speech therapists, physical therapists, and other specialists, ensuring ongoing support and monitoring of patients' progress. Additionally, telemedicine offers a platform for stroke education, empowering patients and caregivers with essential information for stroke prevention and self-management. By overcoming geographical barriers and optimizing stroke care delivery, telemedicine holds tremendous potential in enhancing stroke outcomes, expanding access to specialized care, and ultimately saving lives.

• Track 25-1  Overview of Telemedicine in Stroke Care
• Track 25-2  Tele stroke Networks
• Track 25-3  Telemedicine and Acute Stroke Treatment
• Track 25-4  Telemedicine for Stroke Rehabilitation
• Track 25-5  Remote Monitoring for Stroke Prevention

Neurological disorders encompass a vast and diverse array of conditions that affect the brain, spinal cord, and nervous system, causing a wide range of symptoms and impairments. These disorders can arise from various causes, including genetics, infections, trauma, autoimmune responses, and degenerative processes. Some common neurological disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, stroke, and migraines. The impact of these disorders on individuals and society is substantial, leading to cognitive, motor, and sensory impairments, as well as emotional and behavioral changes. Managing neurological disorders often requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving neurologists, neurosurgeons, neuropsychologists, physical and occupational therapists, and other healthcare professionals. Diagnosis and treatment can be complex, necessitating advanced imaging techniques, laboratory tests, and, in some cases, invasive procedures. Research in neuroscience continues to advance our understanding of these disorders, leading to new therapies and interventions aimed at improving patients' quality of life and functional outcomes. Public awareness and education about neurological disorders are essential for early recognition, timely intervention, and destigmatization. As the burden of neurological disorders increases with an aging population and other contributing factors, continued efforts in research, prevention, and comprehensive care are vital in addressing the challenges posed by these complex and often debilitating conditions.

• Track 26-1  Common neurological disorders
• Track 26-2  Emerging research
• Track 26-3  Diagnosis and treatment
• Track 26-4  Prevention and management
• Track 26-5  Co-occurring conditions

Neuromuscular disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the nerves controlling voluntary muscles, leading to weakness, muscle wasting, and impaired movement. These disorders can be caused by genetic mutations, autoimmune responses, infections, or unknown factors. Examples of neuromuscular disorders include muscular dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myasthenia gravis, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. These conditions have a profound impact on patients' daily activities, independence, and overall quality of life. Neurotherapy, also known as neuromuscular rehabilitation or neurorehabilitation, plays a crucial role in managing these disorders and optimizing patient outcomes. Neurotherapy encompasses a range of interventions, including physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and assistive devices. These therapeutic approaches aim to improve muscle strength, coordination, and function, enhance mobility, and minimize complications. Additionally, neurotherapy may involve using medications to manage symptoms and slow disease progression in certain cases. Technological advancements have also facilitated the development of innovative neurorehabilitation techniques, such as robotic exoskeletons and neuroprosthetics, further enhancing patients' rehabilitation potential. Collaborative efforts between healthcare professionals, patients, and their families are essential in designing individualized neurotherapy plans that address specific challenges posed by neuromuscular disorders. Through continuous research and advancements in neurotherapy, healthcare providers strive to improve the lives of those affected by neuromuscular disorders and empower them to achieve the highest level of independence and functioning possible.

Spine disorders encompass a broad range of conditions that affect the vertebral column and its surrounding structures, leading to various symptoms and limitations. These disorders can arise from different causes, such as injuries, wear and tear, infections, tumors, or birth defects. Some typical spine disorders include herniated discs, spinal stenosis, scoliosis, spondylolisthesis, and spinal fractures. The impact of these disorders on individuals can be significant, causing pain, reduced mobility, muscle weakness, and, in severe cases, paralysis. Diagnosis usually involves a thorough physical examination and imaging tests like X-rays, MRI scans, and sometimes specialized assessments like electromyography (EMG). Non-surgical approaches may involve physical therapy, pain management, and medication to alleviate symptoms and improve functionality. Surgical intervention might be necessary in cases where conservative methods are insufficient, aiming to stabilize the spine, relieve nerve compression, or correct deformities. Minimally invasive surgical techniques are increasingly used, which can lead to less post-operative pain and faster recovery. To reduce the risk of developing spine disorders, preventive measures like maintaining good posture, regular exercise, and avoiding heavy lifting are essential. Early detection and timely intervention play a crucial role in achieving better treatment outcomes and minimizing long-term complications. A collaborative approach involving orthopedic surgeons, neurosurgeons, physical therapists, and pain management specialists is essential for delivering comprehensive care and enhancing the overall well-being of individuals affected by spine disorders.

Animal models of stroke play a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of stroke, evaluating potential therapeutic interventions, and exploring the underlying mechanisms of brain repair and recovery. These models aim to mimic the conditions and consequences of human stroke in controlled laboratory settings. One of the most widely used animal models is the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, where a blood clot or thread is introduced into the middle cerebral artery, inducing focal cerebral ischemia. This leads to the development of an ischemic core and a surrounding penumbra, similar to what occurs in human stroke. Another common model is the embolic stroke model, in which a clot is introduced into the blood vessels, resulting in an embolic stroke. Animal models allow researchers to investigate the time course of stroke development, explore the efficacy and safety of potential therapies, and study the molecular and cellular changes that occur after stroke. These models also provide a platform for preclinical testing of novel drugs, stem cell therapies, and neuroprotective agents, offering valuable insights before moving to human clinical trials. While animal models have their limitations and cannot fully replicate the complexity of human stroke, they remain an indispensable tool in advancing stroke research and in the development of effective treatments to reduce the devastating impact of stroke on patients' lives.

Brain and neuromuscular conditions encompass a diverse range of disorders affecting the central nervous system and the muscles, leading to a myriad of symptoms and functional impairments. These conditions can be broadly categorized into neurodegenerative diseases, neuromuscular disorders, and neurological disorders. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's, involve progressive degeneration of nerve cells, leading to cognitive decline, movement disorders, and changes in behavior. Neuromuscular disorders, including muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), affect the nerves that control voluntary muscles, leading to weakness, muscle wasting, and limited mobility. Neurological disorders encompass a wide array of conditions, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and migraines, with each condition presenting its own set of challenges and symptoms. Diagnosis and management of these conditions often require a multidisciplinary approach, involving neurologists, neurosurgeons, physical and occupational therapists, and other healthcare specialists. While treatment options vary depending on the specific condition and its stage, research and medical advancements continue to pave the way for improved therapies and interventions. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and prompt intervention are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and preserving quality of life. Moreover, ongoing research into the underlying mechanisms of these conditions holds the promise of developing innovative treatments and ultimately finding cures for some of the most debilitating brain and neuromuscular conditions.

• Track 30-1  Brain tumors
• Track 30-2  Cerebral palsy
• Track 30-3  Autism spectrum disorders
• Track 30-4  Radiculopathy
• Track 30-5  Carpal tunnel syndrome

Brain pathology and oncology research are critical fields of study focused on understanding the underlying causes, mechanisms, and potential treatments for brain-related diseases, particularly brain tumors. Brain pathology involves the examination of brain tissue to diagnose and characterize various neurological disorders, including brain tumors. Oncology research, on the other hand, specifically concentrates on understanding the development, progression, and treatment of brain tumors, which can be benign or malignant. Gliomas, meningiomas, and medulloblastomas are among the most common types of brain tumors studied. Advanced imaging techniques, genetic analysis, and molecular profiling have significantly enhanced our understanding of brain tumors, leading to the development of targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches. Moreover, research in brain pathology and oncology has shed light on the tumor microenvironment, immune response, and tumor cell interactions, providing valuable insights into potential immunotherapeutic strategies. Translational research efforts are bridging the gap between laboratory discoveries and clinical applications, paving the way for novel treatments and improved patient outcomes. As brain tumors remain challenging to treat and have a significant impact on patients' lives, continuous advancements in brain pathology and oncology research are crucial in unraveling the complexities of these diseases and finding effective therapies to combat this formidable health challenge.

Neurosurgery is a specialized branch of medicine that deals with the surgical treatment of disorders affecting the central nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Neurosurgical procedures are performed to address a wide range of conditions, from traumatic brain injuries and brain tumors to spinal deformities and nerve compressions. Neurosurgeons undergo extensive training and possess exceptional surgical skills, as operating on delicate and intricate structures of the nervous system requires precision and expertise. Technological advancements, such as image-guided navigation systems and minimally invasive techniques, have revolutionized the field of neurosurgery, enabling more precise and safer surgeries with reduced post-operative complications and shorter recovery times. In addition to their surgical role, neurosurgeons play a crucial role in diagnosing neurological disorders, determining the most appropriate treatment plan, and providing comprehensive care to patients. The field of neurosurgery is continually evolving as researchers strive to improve surgical techniques, develop new therapies, and enhance patient outcomes. With its significant impact on patients' lives and potential to restore function and alleviate suffering, neurosurgery remains an essential and dynamic discipline in the realm of modern medicine.

• Track 32-1  Brain surgery
• Track 32-2  Spine surgery
• Track 32-3  Peripheral nerve surgery
• Track 32-4  Pediatric Neurosurgery
• Track 32-5  Functional Neurosurgery